Adhvaryu. Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation. Rawal was originally used as a first name in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images; Right: mc559. 2. But there's a fourth common determinant for Indian last names, the caste system, which determines a person's place in society, is now outlawed in India but still followed culturally. Aug 28, 2020 · Last names are a deeply political category and sometimes carry a cruel history of oppression. Mar 3, 2024 · The caste system in India is a highly complex and multifaceted hierarchical social stratification. There are several castes in Pakistan and common Pakistani surnames are often based on this caste system. Kshatriya – soldiers, governors and kings. Rao (Kaundinya) It means Raja and is a Kannada, Marathi as well as Telugu surname. For Vaisyas, Agrawal meaning “people of Agroha” and for Shudras, Patel, meaning “leader of the village. July 26, 2022. The gotras form an exogamous unit. But, the reality is different. 5. The Kambojas were an Indo-European Kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in (post-Vedic) Sanskrit Scheduled Castes (SCs) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups. Before long those low caste families using ambiguous surnames were once again segregated. Vaishya – merchants, farmers, cattle-herders and artisans. The original caste-distinct name remains on transcripts and is Indian last names reflect lineage, profession, region, or caste. As a result of the socio-political movements against caste in Tamil Nadu, most Tamils don’t use family names since the family name is generally the same as the caste name. Similarly, girls also may add middle names like Kumari, Maya, etc. Dec 20, 2023 · The names Wayan and Putu can be used for a child of any gender. It is inherently exclusionary, exploitative, and humiliating. Upadhyaya Brahmins are considered as the Brahmins in the complete form of those ancient brahmins. Feb 26, 2024 · There are two honey bee sexes: male and female. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. In the United States, the most popular last name is Smith Jul 4, 2024 · caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. There are still people who don’t respect The caste system in India is considered to be the classic example of caste and the world's oldest surviving form of social stratification at around 3,000 years old. - bgibson06. Sudra names begin with the order of birth (the same for male and female):Wayan or Putu if they are the first child, Made or Kadek if they are the second child, Nyoman or Komang if they are the third child, and Ketut (meaning “the last one”) if they are the fourth child. Many last names are derived from the caste to which a person belonged. Sikh Review, 43(6), Jun 1995, 20–24. Someone who wants to pass themselves off as a higher Caste is going to do a lot of very deliberate research, a lot of training, and invent a backstory to avoid detection. Surname. Jun 29, 2023 · Because some surnames can indicate a particular caste, there are instances of Indians rejecting theirs to dissociate from the caste system. Some were royal, and others denoted a skill or trade. Amaya – From Amaya, Spain. Recently, it has become quite common for educated people of every caste to change their last name to something neutral—representing no caste. 100. A common surname among Bengali Brahmins, Acharjee/Acharya, has its origin in the Sanskrit word “acharya,” which refers to a teacher or an instructor. – The Brahmin, whose task is to master and impart knowledge and administer sacrifices, have the highest rank. [1] Dalits were excluded from the fourfold varna of the caste The Caste System, in its present form, is further based solely upon birth. Sikhs have a given name and one or both of a surname and a Khalsa name. - cactus2005. Feb 25, 2020 · 5. While some surnames are derived from the ancestral village names, others are based on their Gotra or family deity. : Dalit is a term that means “broken,” or “untouchable. Here are some examples: Bhasin: A name from the Kshatriya (merchant) caste that translates to “sun” Banerjee: A Bengali name from the Brahmin caste that means “teacher” Chandra: Another name from the Kshatriya (merchant) caste that means “moon” Jun 29, 2021 · June 29, 2021. a Buraku rights group discovered the existence of a 330-page handwritten list of Buraku names and community locations that A last name, also known as a family name or surname, is typically passed down from one generation to the next. There are perhaps more than 3000 jatis in India and there is no one all-Indian system of ranking them in order of status. Different castes still exist today in some aspects of Punjabi culture; similarly to the Hindu caste system, this system is based on employment [citation needed] (ex. This name means "Lord of the Army" and is reference to the Hindu god, Ganesha- the god of good luck and wisdom, son of Shiva and Parvati. They often reveal information about a person’s ancestry, caste, ethnicity, and sometimes even their place of origin. Depending on the last name, it may not indicate a caste. Gargi Banerjee, cricketer. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. These castes are further grouped into four main categories known as “varnas. Farmer's son MUST ONLY be Farmer if Caste System has to be maintained. Feb 4, 2020 · Dalits, also known as "Untouchables," are members of the lowest social group in the Hindu caste system. ’. Waghmare. Patel is an Indian surname or title, predominantly found in the state of Gujarat, representing the community of land-owning farmers and later (with the British East India Company) businessmen, agriculturalists and merchants. [7] [8] [a] In 712, the Arora people are said to have left Aror and started to settle in the cities of Punjab, [9] mainly in South Punjab. Thus, as per Caste Rules, Farmer Profession is categorized under Vaisya Category (Varna). A commission of inquiry in the 1980s deemed 52% of Indians to be members of a new category, “other Oct 23, 2015 · The caste system was abolished in 1871 along with the feudal system. A surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's The surname Patel originates from the Indian subcontinent, specifically from the Gujarati and Marathi-speaking communities of western India. Over time, many of these surnames have transcended their original regional or linguistic boundaries and can now be found nationwide. but it acquired a unique character because of the caste system. DNA test information. If This surname also has a prevalence in Iran and is a popular Persian last name found in America. Formalized during the British colonial period, the caste system brings together two related Indian concepts of varna and jāti to create four social orders and multiple subunits. The Indian caste system was used to organize different socio-economic populations into groups using a name. Caste system in Goa. These surnames are reminiscent of nature, love, or other cherished elements in Hispanic culture. Khera: Journal of Religious Understanding, 15(2), 1995, 29–34. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations. Similarly, gotra and surnames are used to denote individuals with his family. Feb 27, 2014 · Background Caste, a proxy of socioeconomic position, can influence the neurodevelopment of children through several pathways, including exposure to toxic elements. S Iyengar , B stands for his birthplace ( Belur), K represents his father’s name (Krishnamachar), S stands for his Aug 25, 2023 · Nepali surnames, also known as “last names” or “family names,” have deep roots in the country’s traditions. Arora is a Punjabi caste, [5] [6] comprising both Hindus and Sikhs. Traditionally, castes not only determined one’s occupation but also one’s position in the societal hierarchy. The surname may have been derived either from the Sanskrit word Mitra, meaning friend or ally, or from the name of an important Indo-Iranian deity in the Vedas and in ancient Iran. Rooted in ancient Hindu traditions and solidified over time, it categorizes individuals into different castes or “jatis. Studies from developing countries where caste is represented by prevailing caste groups and people are highly exposed to toxic elements can provide useful insights into the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental inequities among children Sep 17, 2022 · Usually, the origin of an Indian last name tells us the caste they belong to. The name can be traced back to the caste system prevalent in India, where individuals belonging to the Patel caste were traditionally involved in farming, landowning, or agricultural occupations. Dalit ( English: / ˈdælɪt / from Sanskrit: दलित, romanized : dalita meaning "broken/scattered") is a term first coined by Jyotirao Phule for untouchables and outcasts. Jan 30, 2024 · The Caste System. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Acharya, a common Gujarati surname, derives its name from ’Acarya,’ a Sanskrit word for a spiritual leader, or the ‘one who teaches conduct. Vedic literature (1500-1000 BC Feb 25, 2024 · Indian last names come after a given name and are formed using elements like a father’s first name or place of origin. Rajeswari, C. Devi – Goddess. Mar 12, 2024 · It was formerly used as a title by Rajput kings, and later developed into a surname. This webpage provides you with the latest and updated information on all caste list in India 2024. Due Joshi is a surname used by the Brahmin (caste) in India and Nepal. Ali is the 2nd most common given name for males in Pakistan. Sep 2, 2023 · As per Hindu tradition, gotra is the identification of a kinship group that is seen as identical to lineage or genealogy. Acharjee/Acharya. For example, Buddha Ratna Shakya in which Buddha is the first name, Ratna is the middle name and Shakya is a surname. Jul 4, 2024 · Famous Sisodia surnames include Rana, Rajawat, and Jhala. Tamang. Jun 19, 2019 · India's complex caste system is among the world's oldest forms of surviving social stratification. Top 20 Common Nepali Surnames ranked accordingly: Advertisement. Ahir. Race - Caste System, India, Social Hierarchy: India has a huge population encompassing many obvious physical variations, from light skins to some of the darkest in the world and a wide variety of hair textures and facial features. The origin of the Reddy has been linked to the Rashtrakutas, although opinions vary. The surname originates from a Sanskrit word that means ‘best among priests who perform Yagna. Acevedo – Holly tree. Generic meaning of the term "Brahmin". Although originally caste depended upon a person's work, it soon became hereditary. Pawar (also spelled as Pavar [1] and Puar) is an Indian surname found among the Maratha, Mahar or Koli people in Maharashtra. It is a generic title which variously means prince, son, boy, or chaste. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the “caste system” is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. Surnames found both in Karnataka and Maharashtra. The caste system has existed in some form in India for at least 3,000 years. Illustrated Weekly of India, 47, 1969, 27 Caste system is built with many of the same types of secret codes and hidden languages. jatt signifies the farming caste). The last name Tyagi is predominantly found in Asia, where 99 percent of Tyagi reside; 97 percent reside in South Asia and 97 percent reside in Indo-South Asia. It is a social hierarchy passed down through families, and it can dictate the professions a person can work in as well as aspects of their social lives, including whom they can marry. Origins of the Caste System. The four Varnas in Nepal: Brahmin – traditionally priests, scholars and educators. Dec 13, 2019 · The Kamboj people are the modern representatives of ancient Kambojas, a well known Kshatriya tribe of Indo-Aryans, stated to have had both Indian as well as Iranian affinities and mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts and epigraphy. Left: DEA/G. India's caste system classifies Hindus into four varnas (classes) based on their occupation: A Brahmin is a member of the highest caste or varna and is an incarnation of knowledge. Mar 20, 2024 · Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Nov 5, 2012 · Nepal is culturally diverse – the caste system makes it even more so. They are classified as a forward caste . Famous individuals with the surname Mukherjee include Pranab Mukherjee, former President of India. Brāhman. Gurung. Affirmative action has since expanded. Salient features of Sikhism with special reference to its attitude to caste system. Apr 28, 2021 · A Brahmin surname would be Bhat which means “scholar” in Sanskrit. Our founding ideals promise liberty and equality for all. Caste system among the Sikhs. Upadhyaya Brahmins. For the village in Turkey, see Ahır, İpsala. May 16, 2022 · The Hindu caste system divides people into four sub-communities based on ancestry — Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras — and the caste of a person can often be identified by their last The caste system, as it actually works in India is called jati. Adhikari. In India’s 2011 census, only Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists — who form over 80% of the nation’s population, according to the census — could be classified as Scheduled Castes. Dec 17, 2020 · Pakistan is a country in the northwest of South Asia. The Ahirs are variously described as a caste, a clan, a community Oct 10, 2012 · Traditionally, caste is identified by a person’s last name. G. Qureshi, Gujjar, Mughal, Sheikh, Rajpoot, Jutt, and Butt are the top seven castes found in Pakistan. Having the right name can open all the right doors. A caste, generally designated by the term jati (“birth”), refers to a strictly regulated social community into which one is born. Mitras belong to the Kayastha caste in Bengal. However the basics of it are as follows. Krishna’s given name is Krishna and his father’s name is perhaps Chandrasekar. ” Mar 20, 2024 · Generally for males, Muhammad, the name of the last prophet of Islam, is chosen to be the person's first given name, if he has more than one. Dec 11, 2023 · India’s caste system, deeply rooted in history, is a unique institution legitimising discrimination based on one’s caste at birth. Instead, they often use an initial to designate their father or husband’s name. Some jatis have occupational names, but the connection between caste and occupational specialization is Jun 19, 2019 · India's complex caste system is among the world's oldest forms of surviving social stratification. Other cultures use other structures for full names. It is also the 199,542 nd most prevalent first name in the world, borne by 1,515 This list of pretty Hispanic last names is perfect for those who want a charming surname. ; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4. Pesec1 • 2 hr. Jul 26, 2022 · A Look into the Balinese Caste System. What caste does the people of marathi surname hoval belong? The Boudh caste of the Mahar (Dalit) community. Because familial last names often signal a person's caste status (or for women who adopted their spouse's surname, the caste of their spouse), substituting Kaur and Singh allowed Sikhs to implement the Sikh religion's rejection of the caste Apr 4, 2024 · 1. Sep 23, 2023 · Lakade surname found in caste of Hindu - Sonar also. It is derived from the Sanskrit word “mukhya,” which means “chief” or “leader. The term jati appears in almost all Indian languages and is related to the idea of lineage or kinship group. For managers of South Asian origin, many signals are visible (such as last names or diet) or can be learned through social interactions (such as location of residence or ancestral occupations) and used in organizational decision-making. Jyotisha refers to Hindu astrology and astronomy and is derived from jyotish ("light bringer or reflect light like sun"). Such variations there, as elsewhere, are a product of natural selection in tropical and semitropical Patel. The adoption of Kaur and Singh as religious surnames was also intended to reduce caste-based prejudice. Rajopādhyāya, Sharmā, Achārya. Mar 20, 2024 · Nepalese boys may have their middle names like Prasad, Bahadur, Maan, Kumar, Ratna, Mani, etc. For instance, in the case of B. Jun 12, 2014 · So without further ado, here are the Most Common Surnames of Nepal –. Rana comes from Sanskrit and means “king. Royal and aristocratic clans, astrologers. You can also find the caste list of different states like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and more. Pawar. This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 15:31 (UTC). Feb 24, 2020 · Updated on February 24, 2020. A Bengali surname, Adhikari, is derived from “adhi-kara,” a Sanskrit word which means “right,” or “authority. It was written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations – proclaimed in 1948 to protect fundamental human rights. e. Submit the Meaning of This Surname for a Chance To Win a $60 Genealogy DNA Test. Kulkarni. Alfaro – Elf army or council of elves. Attitudes about caste. Menon (Malayalam: [meːnoːn]) is an aristocratic hereditary title of the Nair community bestowed by various kings of Kerala, most saliently the Zamorin of Calicut and Maharaja of Cochin, upon eminent Nairs. Oct 1, 2021 · Typically, South Indian names have four elements; the first denotes the village of origin, the second is the father’s name, the third is the person’s given name and the last is the caste name. Although you can change your name in India, it is not a permanent switch. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. ago. The surname Sharma is associated with the priestly sect of the old Indian caste system, the caste of pundits. They are influenced by things such as occupation or a caste title. [12] Modern scholars state that such usage of the term Brahmin in ancient texts does not imply a caste, but simply "masters" (experts We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Sitting . K. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste ( endogamy ), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy 4 days ago · Historically, last names in India have roots in the caste system. This system, though less rigid today, once played a crucial role in determining social status and occupation. Muslims, Christians and members of other religions may have been excluded because these religions, at least in principle, do not have Nov 8, 2023 · The caste system is an ancient Indian social structure with Many Indians with Hindu lineage whose ancestors adopted Sikhism or Christianity retained their last names, and their caste Jun 26, 2024 · In the eastern parts of India, Brahmin surnames have their own unique variations. Under the Khas Nepali Brahmin Surnames Caste, the following categories have been found as widely known classes of Brahmin types. Ram – God Rama. Sikhism’s attitude to caste system. Some Brahmins keep their given names (from birth) and some keep their names from marriage. This shows a structure typical for Anglophonic cultures (and some others). Malla, Pradhānanga, Pradhān, Rājbanshi, etc. Sudra – laborers, artisans and service Nov 1, 2023 · Caste can be inferred from how it manifests as identity, resources, networks, and culture. Referred to as Dhya Bājyā or Déva Brāhman, temple priests and family priests of mostly Valley Hindu Srēṣṭhas. Reddy ( Telugu: [ɾeɖːi]; also transliterated as Raddi, Reddi, Reddiar, Reddappa) is a caste that originated in India, predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. 1. For Kshatriyas, the last name could be Singh, which means “lion. Our reality is an enduring racial hierarchy that has persisted for centuries. Having the wrong one can be hazardous to your health. The origins of the caste system in India and Nepal are not fully known, but castes seem to have originated more than 2,000 years ago. And Remember that as per Caste SYSTEM in its present form, this is to be based upon Birth i. Sep 11, 2021 · These are the “scheduled” castes and tribes. BRAHMIN SURNAMES: B: Bijral. 99. A name is a powerful thing. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. The name is derived from their ancestral place Aror, Sindh. Aldana – From Aldana, Spain. according to their caste. Because of the prevalence of this practice, this name is usually not the person's most called name, as it does not serve as a unique identifier. A variation of the traditional Hindu caste system was also retained by the Goan Catholic community. Mar 28, 2017 · Taxation and bureaucracy have a lot to do with the adoption of last names. Thus, a last name could indicate whether someone was a priest, warrior, merchant, or laborer. Scheduled Castes are given reservation status guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes. In its broadest sense, it refers to those descended from a single patriarchal or typical male progenitor. Jan 20, 2021 · Many Indian surnames are related to the caste system. Kumar – Young Boy. " I Gede, I Putu, I Wayan are names for firstborn boys, Ni Luh, Ni Putu, Ni Wayan are names for firstborn girls. Image: Shutterstock. Gooroodas Banerjee, (1844 –1918) aka Gurudas Bandyopadhyay, Bengali Indian High Court judge. Both my parents were Shah's before they were married, but they come from different sects of Jainism, different parts of Gujurat, and different [ancient] castes (since neither grew up in an active caste system). Types of Khas Nepali Brahmin Surnames Caste. A caste is a fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system. Chaudhary/Chowdhury. It refers to folks at the bottom or outside of the caste system who have been relegated to perform the dirtiest jobs because Dec 21, 2023 · In India, the caste system is a comprehensive, systematized, and institutionalized form of oppression of members of the lower castes, particularly the Dalits. If it's a boy, you add "I" before the name, and if it's a girl, "Ni. Names like Rockefeller or Kennedy can serve you well. Chatharīya. [2] [3] It developed as a result of relations among foreign conquerors, local upper-caste Hindus convert to Islam ( ashraf, also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya [4]) and May 24, 2024 · 1. Chowdhury. Mukherjee: The Mukherjee surname is associated with the Kshatriya caste of Bengal. The females all have 32 chromosomes, the males all have 16 chromosomes. [2] [3] [1] Notable people bearing the Pawar name or its variants include: Ajit Pawar (born 1959), Indian politician; deputy chief minister of Maharashtra and nephew of Sharad Pawar. Joshi is also sometimes spelled as Jyoshi. Acharya. 14. Dibakar Banerjee (born 1969) Indian film director, screenwriter, producer and advertisement-filmmaker. A Dalit is actually born below the caste system, which includes four primary castes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriya (warriors Sep 4, 2020 · Lighter-toned skin can sometimes be an indication of dominant caste origin, but a primary indicator is often last names, leading some people from oppressed castes to change them. Rawal means “king,” and is derived from the Sanskrit word “Raja” with the same meaning. Hindu family purohit and Vedic temple priests. Kumar ( pronunciation ⓘ; Sanskrit: कुमार kumārá) is a title, given name, middle name, or a family name found in the Indian subcontinent, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, though not specific to any religion, ethnicity, or caste. Reply. Chopra (surname) Chopra clan. R: Rhence Feb 24, 2016 · By 1990, the quota rose to about 49%, and it applied to groups that were classified as “Other Backward Classes,” “Scheduled Castes,” and “Scheduled Tribes. Yet in each local area jati ranking exists and is Jan 21, 2023 · 1. 0; additional terms may apply. 4. Surnames can provide insights into a person's ancestry, cultural background, or geographic origin. These surnames have been passed down through generations, connecting individuals to their family’s past. A group of Dalit women in 2021. Rawal. Singh – Lion. Jun 29, 2021 · Caste in India’s 2011 census. He is represented with the head of an elephant with the vehicle of a rat. ”. Some common surnames found in Eastern India include Chakraborty, Mukherjee, Bhaduri, Bandyopadhyay, and Dutta. Singh, for example, means "lion" and is usually associated with the warrior caste, the Kshatriyas. Surnames of Asian origin. Aug 11, 2022 · T. C. Dola Banerjee (born 1980) is an Indian sportswoman who competes in archery. [6] Jul 1, 2020 · America’s Enduring Caste System. Titasya. In more recent times, the All-India Kashyap Rajput Mahasabha pressure group was established prior to the 1941 census of British India to lobby the census authorities to record the caste as Kashyap Rajput rather than by any other name. Why is the term 'Dalit' banned while thousands of caste names are allowed? Read The Wire's analysis of caste oppression and politics in India. The Sudra do not have such titles to begin their names with. In these cases, they’ll adopt a surname, the most common of which is Devi. Jul 15, 2024 · 3. The term Brahmin appears extensively in ancient and medieval Sutras and commentary texts of Buddhism and Jainism. The Brahmanical clan system was later emulated by people as an early example of the sanskritisation process. and last names are almost always indications of what caste a person belongs to. The surname Tyagi is the 2,777 th most prevalent last name on earth, held by around 1 in 36,274 people. The recipient of the title held it lifelong, and the male members of the family held it in perpetuity in the matrilineal line. The females all have ovaries, the males all have testes. 3. Hegde (Bharadwaja) This Kannada Brahmin surname comes from the Old Karnataka region. Muslim communities in South Asia have a system of social stratification [1] arising from concepts other than "pure" and "impure", which are integral to the caste system in India. Kaur – Princess. Chowta (surname) (previous page) ( next page ) Categories: Family in India. Das – Servant or Devotee. Ahir or Aheer ( Sanskrit: Abhira) [1] are a community of traditionally non-elite pastoralists in India, most members of which identify as being of the Indian Yadav community because they consider the two terms to be synonymous. It is the lowest stratum of the castes in the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally the title is a status name referring to the village chieftains during medieval times, and was later Choksi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word Jyotishi meaning "astrologer" or a person who practices jyotisha. The word "Dalit " means "oppressed" or "broken" and is the name members of this group gave themselves in the 1930s. First/given/forename, middle, and last/family/surname with John Fitzgerald Kennedy as example. The second child is often named Made (Made) or Kadek (Kadek). People in Indian society are divided into four castes according to their occupation, namely Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. If you want to know the central caste list of the Indian government for SC, ST, OBC and other categories, you can visit this webpage and download the PDF file. Therefore over recent years it has been difficult to retrace such surnames to caste, however since communities migrated to the west in such large numbers, many families from the same village came to the same cities. Randhawa, Indra. W e saw a man face down 4 days ago · India - Caste System, Social Hierarchy, Diversity: In South Asia the caste system has been a dominating aspect of social organization for thousands of years. The females all express genes that designate their role as caretaker of the hive, the males all express genes that designate their role as procreator. Jun 24, 2024 · Peter Wade. The caste system in Goa consists of various Jātis or sub-castes found among Hindus belonging to the four varnas ( Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra ), as well as those outside of them. Buddhist painting of Brahmins from the 1800s, Thailand. The surname may be a family name (based on the name of the ancestral village) or a caste name. vs el dq jz on db ii vb fy am