Deftly handle AI workloads. the Discrete Manufacturing Security Design guide focuses on deploying firewall, intrusion prevention system, and VPN services in the DMZ, between the enterprise and Cisco Documentation 1-33 CHAPTER 2 Campus QoS Design 2-1 QoS Design Overview 2-1 Where is QoS Needed in a Campus? 2-1 DoS/Worm Mitigation Strategies 2-4 Call Signaling Ports 2-5 Access Edge Trust Models 2-6 Trusted Endpoints 2-7 Untrusted Endpoints 2-8 Conditionally-Trusted Endpoints 2-10 AutoQoS—VoIP 2-13 Catalyst 2950—QoS Considerations Sep 1, 2020 · Industrial Networks. Improve productivity and security of your upstream, midstream, or downstream operations. Apr 9, 2018 · Cisco Wireless Mesh Access Points, Design and Deployment Guide, Release 8. Click the link for the device under the Device Name column. It focuses on industrial networks and protocols. At each step in the journey, you’ll make incremental changes to people, process, and technology. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status Feb 22, 2023 · This architecture guide is focused on the Cisco Zero Trust Framework with the User and Device Security, Network and Cloud Security, and Application and Data Security pillars. Aug 20, 2020 · Industrial Network Devices are started inside IND in an “Unlicensed” state as shown in IND License Apply into Industrial Devices. com Industrial Security Design Guide Introduction This guide is a Cisco Validated Design (CVD) that provides de sign guidelines for the Industrial Foundation security design defined in the Securing Industrial Networks solution brief Nov 27, 2012 · Data Center Multi-Tie r Design Overview . Cisco was recognized for Smart Manufacturing Solution of the Year and IoT Security Innovation of the Year in the 2024 IoT Breakthrough Awards. The goal of ICS plant The Connected Factory - PROFINET Design and Implementation guide provides an Ethernet and IP-networking-based architecture. Campus networks typically adopt a tiered design, scaled according to the specific needs of the individual campus. Our IoT security solution's zero-trust network access enables secure remote May 21, 2008 · Campus Network for High Availability Design Guide. 9 MB) Industrial Security design guide: This Design Guide describes Cisco's industrial security solution and its capabilities, providing a tested and validated architecture to gain visibility into OT devices and their communications, segment the industrial network and detect cyber threats. Cisco Industrial Ethernet 4000, 4010 and 5000 Switch Software Configuration Guide Updated. exe file to be installed on your system. Adapters provide automation capabilities across the Cisco portfolio, and each adapter contains a range of validated actions that can be automated across respective controllers. Industrial Security design guide: This Design Guide describes Cisco's industrial security solution and its capabilities, providing a tested and validated architecture to gain visibility into OT devices and their communications, segment the industrial network and detect cyber threats. 2) This topic discusses the three functional layers of the hierarchical network model: the access, distribution, and core layers. Customers should migrate to Cisco Catalyst Center, a network management system that helps IT and OT teams automate tasks, monitor and maintain performance, and secure operations. Industrial automation systems have fully adopted standard networking technologies and rely on them for their communications. Take your operations to the next level by building a network infrastructure that can easily include remote industrial sensors and assets. This is the current state for most manufacturers. The design and implementation guides include plant-wide focused, tested, validated, and Feb 23, 2017 · New Installation. They support a variety of communications interfaces, such as Ethernet, serial, fiber, cellular, Wi-Fi, Wi-SUN RF mesh, and others. It discusses the architecture and components of the solution, including control plane, data plane, routing, authentication, and onboarding of SD-WAN devices. When installation successfully completes, restart the Cisco IND application to activate the new Device Pack. 7 MB) PDF - This Chapter (5. Cisco DNA Center Network Profiles allow you to attach templates to Sites so that when a device is added to the Site, Cisco DNA Center will automatically apply the configuration specified in the template. SPAN is a Cisco IOS feature that copies the entire traffic going from port 1 to port 2 to another port 3. Rockwell Automation and Cisco collaborated to develop Converged Plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) Architectures. Industrial Network Director User Guide, Release 1. IoT Operations Dashboard establishes a secure IPSec management Aug 3, 2018 · Book Title. 2. It covers redundancy of SD-WAN components and discusses many WAN Edge deployment considerations and common scenarios. 400G. . PTP identifies the port that is connected to a device with the most precise clock. CPwE IDC CRD was architected, tested, and documented by Cisco, Panduit, and Rockwell Automation. High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) for IE 4000, IE 4010, and IE 5000. If you’re here, you’ve segmented the industrial network Jul 22, 2020 · Select the Avoid Cisco AP Load check box to cause the controller’s RRM algorithms to consider 802. On this design, enforcement is applied only on the downlink ports of the TrustSec domain because the objective is to protect traffic on the cell/area zone from unwanted access. IC 3000 Cyber Vision sensor. This guide provides information and guidance to help the network administrator deploy the Meraki Switch (MS) line in a Campus environment. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Cisco Systems, Inc. 18 MB) View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices Cisco Industrial Network Director (IND) Cisco IND is a network management product for OT team that provides an easily-integrated system delivering increased operator and technician productivity through streamlined network monitoring and rapid troubleshooting. 1. With Cisco Cyber Vision you can quickly see what’s on your network, which systems talk to each other, and what they’re Jan 19, 2023 · It monitors industrial assets and application flows to extend IT security to the OT domain through easy deployment within the industrial network. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. This guide explains: The design of the campus wired LAN foundation. Your career in networking begins with CCNA. See mining solutions. We’re helping partners standardize, simplify and accelerate the integration of Cisco IoT products into their solutions by discovering, documenting and using best practices to scale. This design guide provides an overview of the Cisco SD-WAN solution. The software functions will be implemented in the Cisco NX-OS software trains for other Cisco Nexus switch platforms, such as the Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Switches, as well. 7 MB) PDF - This Chapter (4. Solution Design Guide for Cisco Unified Contact Center Enterprise, Release 12. The Cisco industrial security solution is intended to be used by IT, OT, and security teams to protect the industrial network without disrupting production safety and uptime. For example, RRM can assign better reuse patterns to access points that carry a heavier traffic load. Apr 14, 2021 · Trying to secure the industrial network in one go is like boiling the ocean. This design guide provides an overview of the requirements driving the evolution of campus network designs, followed by a discussion about the latest technologies and designs that are available for building a SD-Access network to address those requirements. Hierarchical Network Design (1. Converged Plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) is a blueprint that helps you design and deploy the industrial network infrastructure you need. Read At-a-Glance. 55 MB) Information about product support. Smoothly manage your multicloud network with the exceptional pairing of Cisco ACI and SD-WAN. For network backhaul to interconnect all the rail operations sites, the Cisco Connected Rail solution uses a scalable, resilient, multiservice transport network designed to interconnect the DNA Center in the industrial zone simplifies Performance requirements and keeps communication flows between Cisco DNA Center and Cell/Area Zone switches in one network, below the IDMZ, thus making it easier to meet design recommendations covered on Networking and Security in Industrial Automation Environments Design and Implementation Guide. SD-Access Deployment Guide. The Cisco Wireless Mesh Network solution enables cost-effective, scalable deployment of secure outdoor wireless LANs, providing access to fixed and mobile applications to enhance public safety, efficiency, productivity, and responsiveness. Configuring Resilient Ethernet Protocol for IE 4000, IE 4010, and IE 5000 Switches Updated. Chapter Title. Step 1 – Minimal security. Double-click the installer file (for example, ind-1. Jan 22, 2018 · The MP-BGP EVPN control plane for VXLAN was introduced into Cisco ® NX-OS Software Release 7. 1 solution gives design and implementation guidance to achieve the real-time communication Cisco Systems, Inc. Accelerate your transition to a more secure, reliable, and agile industrial environment with network design guides that can help you implement manufacturing automation and Industry 4. Cisco Cyber Vision is embedded in the Cisco industrial network equipment so everything that connects to it can be seen, enabling customers to segment their network and deploy IoT security at scale. Bring your automation design to life with Cisco Workflows designer, featuring an intuitive, drag-and-drop interface. Apr 23, 2018 · Deploying Identity and Mobility Services within a Converged Plantwide Ethernet Architecture Design and Implementation Guide outlines several industrial security and mobility architecture use cases, with Cisco ISE, for designing and deploying mobile devices, with FactoryTalk applications, throughout a plant-wide IACS network infrastructure. Experience bandwidth like you've never known. www. CHAPTER 2 Design •PlugandPlay,onpage5 PlugandPlay Plug-n-Play(PnP)allowsyoutoreducethecostsassociatedwithdeploymentofnetworkdevicesbyincreasing The ability to run microservices (from Cisco or third parties) enables data collection, processing, and forwarding at the edge of the network. Jan 18, 2022 · Network Profiles. Upgradeability Cisco was recognized for Smart Manufacturing Solution of the Year and IoT Security Innovation of the Year in the 2024 IoT Breakthrough Awards. EtherNet/IP™ is an open industrial Ethernet network capable of handling discrete, safety, motion, process, and drive control applications. 1. Sep 21, 2016 · Option 2: To install the Device Pack executable file directly from the Windows system: 1. Feature Mode for IE 4000 Switches. From the left Hierarchy, choose the Site for the device in question. These control systems are responsible for controlling and monitoring various processes and equipment in manufacturing plants. 11 traffic from Cisco lightweight access points in your wireless network when assigning channels, or deselect it to disable this feature. Cisco IoT Operations Dashboard is a cloud-based IoT services platform that empowers operations teams to securely connect, maintain and gain insights from industrial networking devices and connected industrial assets at massive scale. Security insights for IACS and OT-Continuously monitor IACS cybersecurity integrity to help maintain system integrity and production continuity. Stack ports are designated as stack port 1 or stack port 2. The Cisco EttF 1. 18 MB) PDF - This Chapter (1. this is a prescriptive, out-of-the-box design guide that is based on best-practice design principles and that delivers resiliency, security, flexibility, and scalability. It is a companion to the associated deployment guides for SD-Access, which provide configurations explaining how to deploy the most common The Cisco Distribution Automation - Feeder Automation Design Guide provides a comprehensive explanation of the entire end-to-end Cisco Smart Grid Field Area Network (FAN) solution design, which was developed for the Utility Industry in the Americas region and leverages the license free spectrum: ISM band 902 - 928 MHz for last mile connectivity Feb 22, 2021 · Download. These guides document building possible network configurations, how to ensure new solutions fit into existing systems, and offer best practices for successful deployments. Ruggedization Feb 14, 2024 · Bias-Free Language. 0 (3)I1 (1) for Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Switches. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Aug 8, 2023 · Network Resiliency and Uptime: Cisco DNA Center can monitor the network infrastructure, automatically identify issues, and recommend resolutions to improve uptime. x. Enable digital mining operations by connecting machines and sensors through secure industrial wired and wireless networks. Apr 24, 2019 · The Deploying Parallel Redundancy Protocol within a Converged Plantwide Ethernet Architecture Design and Implementation Guide outlines several use cases for designing and deploying PRP technology and topologies throughout a plant-wide or site-wide Industrial Automation and Control System (IACS) network infrastructure. Improve public safety, increase operational efficiency, and optimize traffic management with network design guides that can help you implement connected roadways and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Connect your cranes, vehicles, terminal operating system (TOS), and port assets to enable real-time ship-to-shore automation and autonomous operations. com Industrial Security Design Guide Introduction This guide is a Cisco Validated Design (CVD) that provides de sign guidelines for the Industrial Foundation security design defined in the Securing Industrial Networks solution brief Feb 22, 2024 · Configuring Horizontal Stacking. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Configuration Guides. Take your IT career in any direction by earning a CCNA. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. Secure Remote Access for Industrial Networks design guide (PDF) SD-WAN for Remote Condition Monitoring and Control design guide (PDF) Remote and Mobile Assets solution brief (PDF) Industrial Security design guide: This Design Guide describes Cisco's industrial security solution and its capabilities, providing a tested and validated architecture to gain visibility into OT devices and their communications, segment the industrial network and detect cyber threats. CCNA Certification. The guide is presented using the SAFE methodology and shows how security capabilities map to architectural components, and maps to the design using the Cisco product portfolio. cisco. Note: Cyber Vision also supports an out-of-band sensor network for environments that require it. This section summarizes the existing Cisco, Panduit, and Rockwell Automation CPwE security CVDs and CRDs that address different aspects of industrial security. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Accelerate time to market. exe) or At the User Account Control window that appears, click Yes to allow the installer. It has validated key Networking and Security functionality that is utilized within mines today. PTP is used to synchronize real-time clocks of the devices in a network with nanosecond accuracy. This network allows information technology (IT) and operations technology (OT) professionals to more BRKIOT-3511. Take advantage of limited-time offers on Cisco industrial wireless products. Cisco has announced the end-of-sale and end-of-life dates for Cisco Industrial Network Director. com Industrial Security Design Guide Introduction This guide is a Cisco Validated Design (CVD) that provides de sign guidelines for the Industrial Foundation security design defined in the Securing Industrial Networks solution brief End-User Guides. 6(1) Chapter Title. Follow this procedure to configure up to two of the 10G uplink ports on the IE 5000 as stack ports. Whether your campus is a small remote site or a high-density large enterprise, you’ll find a platform and a design to fit your needs. To create a Network Profile, do the following: 1. From the Cisco DNA Center web interface, navigate to Design > Network To meet these fundamental design goals, a network must be built on a hierarchical network architecture that allows for both flexibility and growth. The design and deployment of Cisco Wireless Mesh Networks solution is too large a topic to be included in Oct 11, 2023 · Although this design guide focuses specifically on segmentation and policy constructs in SD-Access, it is important to understand how SD-Access and other technologies, such as SD-WAN, interact with data centers based on Cisco ACI, as well as with other infrastructure that has implemented either Cisco Group-Based Policy or VRFs. This terminology is used in the document. Cisco Wireless Mesh Access Points, Design and Deployment Guide, Release 8. 59 MB) View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices The Cisco DNA Center for Industrial Automation Design Guide provides design guidelines to introduce Cisco’s Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Center in the Industrial Automation Design as described in the solution brief. 8 . With this approach to OT visibility and security, industrial organizations can unlock greater IT The Precision Time Protocol (PTP), as defined in the IEEE 1588 standard. From the Cisco DNA Center web interface, navigate to Design > Network Build smarter, safer, more productive mines. Deliver AI-ready infrastructure everywhere—edge, cloud, data center. Explore SD-WAN. 1) Design Fundamentals: Campus Wireless LAN. Cisco IoT Operations Dashboard is a cloud-hosted provisioning and management platform that enables ZTD and management of the edge routers. Built to manage industrial networks, the Cisco® Industrial Network Director (IND) is designed to help operations teams gain full visibility of network and automation devices for improved system availability and performance. The remaining uplinks on the switch continue to operate as normal uplink ports. The Converged Plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) Design and Implementation Guide provides an Ethernet and IP-networking based architecture for industrial Ethernet applications. Cisco Cyber Vision is embedded in your Cisco industrial network equipment so you can see everything that connects to it, segment your network, and deploy IoT security at scale. Cisco Cyber Vision understands proprietary industrial protocols and keeps track of process data, asset May 12, 2020 · Mine Process Plant Network Design. Secure and reliable networks for connected roadways. 6. PDF - Complete Book (9. Jul 6, 2023 · Velta Technology’s capabilities, together with Cisco’s purpose-built industrial switches and Cisco Cyber Vision, help organizations to deploy industrial networks in which security isn’t an afterthought—it’s incorporated by design. 3. Our smart manufacturing solution unifies networking and security in one architecture to help reduce costs and complexities. It’s also tested and validated by Cisco and Rockwell Automation. IE 4000 MODBUS TCP Registers. These industrial-focused reference architectures provide users with the foundation to successfully deploy the latest technologies. Nov 10, 2022 · The rail trackside access network integration with Cisco Wireless Backhaul radios has been validated and is thoroughly documented in the CCI design guide. Use our network design guides to accelerate your transition to a more secure, reliable, and agile connected port. 7. Network administrators are being asked to extend network connectivity beyond the carpeted space of an enterprise to connect and manage networks and end devices deployed in the outdoor enterprise spaces. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Drag and drop your changes. SPAN overview. The architecture and designs are presented To launch Command Runner, do the following: From the Cisco DNA Center web interface, navigate to Provision > Network Devices > Inventory. It enables software-based device-level segmentation to manage network access control at scale. Click the Download button to download the IND installer file to your system. This guide focuses on non-SDA (non-fabric) design. These products are certified to meet harsh environmental standards. Jan 25, 2019 · The Industrial Automation Cisco Validated Design (CVD) solution applies network, security, and data management technologies to Industrial Automation and Control System (IACS) plant environments and key production assets that are the core to operational environments. 0 technologies. Deploying Network Security within a Converged Plantwide Ethernet Architecture Design and Implementation Guide outlines several industrial security architecture use cases, with Cisco ISE Industrial Security design guide: This Design Guide describes Cisco's industrial security solution and its capabilities, providing a tested and validated architecture to gain visibility into OT devices and their communications, segment the industrial network and detect cyber threats. Feb 29, 2024 · Deploying Cisco Industrial Network Director (IND) with Cisco ISE using pxGrid (PDF - 7 MB) Installation Guide for Cisco Industrial Network Director, Release 1. Appendix D. Ethernet networks comprise an integral part of modern automation and control environments, and operations Nov 9, 2023 · Gain visibility into what’s on the network and how they’re talking. Network Hierarchy (1. High Availability and Network Design. Good news: Cisco and our partner Rockwell Automation have integrated security visibility into our Converged Plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) validated design. PDF - Complete Book (46. Figure 15 IND in Unlicensed State . This Cisco Validated Design focuses on the manufacturing industry, covering architectures used within the plant. The design guidelines must indicate how customers can arrive at a cell/area network design schema that meets the performance requirements of the industrial automation and control systems. x (PDF - 2 MB) 6. DNA Center in the industrial zone simplifies Performance requirements and keeps communication flows between Cisco DNA Center and Cell/Area Zone switches in one network, below the IDMZ, thus making it easier to meet design recommendations covered on Networking and Security in Industrial Automation Environments Design and Implementation Guide. Better to view it as a journey. 3. The campus WLAN provides ubiquitous data and voice connectivity for employees, wireless Internet access for guests, and connectivity for IoT devices. The Industrial Automation (IA) Cisco Validated Design is a cross industry reference architecture that also addresses the requirements for mining operations within the PCN. Jan 19, 2023 · Since Cyber Vision sensors decode industrial network traffic at the edge, they only send lightweight metadata to the Cyber Vision Center, only adding from 2% to 5% load to your industrial network. Cisco IoT Design-In Program is the industry’s first-ever systematic life-cycle program for industrial networking. This design consists primarily of web, application, and database server tiers running on various platforms including blade servers, one rack unit (1RU) servers, and mainframes. Environmental: Cisco’s Industrial IoT product portfolio is designed to work in most industrial environments and is deployed, configured, and managed by Cisco DNA Center. Your blueprint for successful systems design. PDF - Complete Book (10. Cisco’s phased approach enables organizations to enhance their security posture at their own pace. Captured Traffic. Software-Defined Access - Solution Design Guide. Industrial Network Devices have to be toggled into a “Licensed” state for management PTP related features as shown in IND Inventory Device Detailed Status. A reliable and versatile network needs to be self-healing, self-defending, self-optimizing, and self-aware. 7 . Ethernet networks comprise an integral part of modern automation and control environments, and operations Nov 10, 2020 · Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) is a network access controller (NAC) dedicated to creating and enforcing network security policies. It’s an infrastructure that is scalable, reliable, and secure. Our Campus LAN and Wireless LAN Design Guide shows you how to create such a network. The clocks in are organized into a master-slave hierarchy. It also focuses on NAT, Firewall, and other CPwE design guide; CPwE lab tour (6:18) Cisco manufacturing; CPwE solution overview (PDF) Cisco strategic alliance; Cisco and Rockwell partnership infographic (PDF) Water and Wastewater Solution Overview (PDF) Take your enterprise IT to the next level by building a network infrastructure that can easily include vehicles, IoT sensors, and remote assets. CCNA validates a broad range of fundamentals for all IT careers - from networking technologies, to security, to software development - proving you have the skills businesses need to meet market demands. Leverage our network design guides to implement industrial automation and connect extraction, pipeline and refinery equipment, and control systems with secure and reliable networks. Click on the executable file to start installation of the Device Pack. Mar 24, 2023 · Get a high-level overview of the Cisco Validated Design for industrial security. Get started. (PDF - 1. Read notice. Mesh Network Components. Adopt 400G with confidence in a family of 1, 2, and 4 RU switches Cisco Extended Enterprise non-fabric and SD-Access fabric Design Guide Extended Enterprise Introduction. These larger networks generally comprise WAN access, a The campus design incorporates both wired LAN and wireless LAN connectivity for a complete network access solution. Software-Defined Access Management Infrastructure Deployment Guide. Design, provision, apply policy, and provide wired and wireless network assurance with a secure, intelligent campus fabric. Maintain system integrity and production continuity. Cisco Validated Designs are tested and documented approaches to help you design, deploy, and extend new technologies successfully. installer. CPwE PRP highlights the Jan 19, 2023 · In this design guide, the chosen enforcement points were the distribution switch, the core switches and on the IE3400 doing NAT (explained later in this guide). 2. An important distinction in this solution architecture is that the cell/area zone is considered a Layer 2 or LAN network. EttF is an architecture that provides standards-based network services to the applications, devices, and equipment found in modern industrial automation and control systems, and integrates them into the wider enterprise network. Our IoT security solution's zero-trust network access enables secure remote Feb 28, 2018 · The Design Guide highlights the key IACS application requirements, technology, and supporting design considerations to help with the successful design and deployment of these specific connectivity use cases within the framework of CPwE. Sep 9, 2020 · But to move toward modernization, you need to build the foundation. Connecting the Cisco Mesh Access Points to the Network. EtherNet/IP helps to enable secure, real-time information between machines, systems, and enterprises. Tech Tip: Cisco DNA Center uses the term device to refer to network infrastructure devices such as switches and routers. Read blogs. Feb 8, 2024 · Industrial control system (ICS) networking refers to the Ethernet network infrastructure and protocols used specifically for connecting and supporting industrial control systems on the plant floor. Jan 11, 2024 · Large Campus Switching Best Practices. Installation Guide for Cisco Industrial Network Director, Release 1. Cisco IND is part of a comprehensive IoT solution from Cisco and provides: Cisco Systems, Inc. 11. The solution describes design and deployment for industrial networks. With the emergence of high-density networks and the IoT, organizations are more dependent on wireless networks than ever before. Safe, smart, and reliable digital oil and gas. Secure Remote Access for Industrial Networks design guide (PDF) SD-WAN for Remote Condition Monitoring and Control design guide (PDF) Remote and Mobile Assets solution brief; Remote and Mobile Assets design guide Mar 29, 2021 · Bias-Free Language. Software-Defined Access. The multi-tier model is the most common model used in the enterprise today. Industrial Security: Industrial Automation Security Design Apr 8, 2024 · The Cisco industrial router portfolio includes a range of compact, ruggedized modular products to build a highly secure, reliable, and scalable loT infrastructure. Data Traffic. Client refers to an end device such as a computer, PLC, and HMI. Built to manage industrial networks, the Cisco ® Industrial Network Director (IND) is designed to help operations teams gain full visibility of network and automation devices for improved system availability and performance. CPwE applies to multiple industries. On the Device page, click the Run Commands link. It helps you integrate Cisco Industrial Ethernet switches into PROFINET-based industrial applications. Cisco Cyber Vision has the capability of detecting Layer 2 flows and is recommended for Levels 0 to 3 in the Purdue model. Leverage our network design guides to accelerate deployments of mining automation and autonomous mining. The Cisco IE 4000, Cisco IE 4010, Cisco IE 5000, Cisco Catalyst 3850, and Cisco Catalyst 9300 support SPAN. With one comprehensive view of all their connected industrial assets, operation teams can uncover valuable network. -49. How the WLAN extends secure network access or is exclusive network access for your mobile workforce.
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