Hiv usa. id/gudarn/pickyourtrail-funding.
7 million people were living with HIV, and around 680,000 died. There are two kinds: A Rapid Self-Test is done entirely at home or in a private location and can produce results within 20 minutes. People with HIV risk losing their housing due to such factors as stigma and discrimination, increased medical costs and limited incomes, or reduced ability to keep working due to HIV-related illnesses. An estimated 37,600 HIV infections are diagnosed each year, according to the most recent CDC data. Apr 22, 2024 · You must use the latest embed code available below. You may have no health insurance, be on Medicare, or have private insurance with co-pays for your medications. Since the first AIDS cases were reported in 1981, HIV/AIDS has been one of humanity’s deadliest Apr 24, 2024 · At a glance. HIV/AIDS is one of the world's most fatal infectious diseases – particularly across Sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease has had a massive impact on health outcomes and life expectancy in recent decades. The interactive dashboard tracks the six EHE indicators in the 57 prioritized jurisdictions as well as for all states and for the nation. From 2015 to 2019, the number of estimated HIV infections among gay and bisexual men in the United States decreased from 26,900 to 24,500. The United States is on course to reach 90-90-90 goals in the near future, with 86% of persons with HIV aware of their infection, 74% of persons with diagnosed infection in care, and 83% of persons in care with viral suppression in 2016. Dec 4, 2023 · Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U. 3 million individuals worldwide acquired HIV in 2022, marking a 38% decline in Download. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search An official website of the United States government Jun 7, 2021 · Still, more 1,740 people died with HIV/AIDS as the underlying cause of death in 2020. government theme for National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day is “ Engage, Educate, Empower: Uniting to End HIV/AIDS in Black Communities . 7,8 However HIV incidence among U. a By race/ethnicity, Blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos are disproportionately affected by HIV compared to other racial and ethnic groups. You can buy a rapid self-test kit Exit Disclaimer at a pharmacy or online. In 2022, over 38,000 people received an HIV diagnosis. A current list of mutations associated with clinical resistance to HIV and the accompanying user notes, regularly revised and disseminated by the IAS–USA Drug Resistance Mutations Group, are epublished in Topics in Antiviral Medicine ™. 25-fold per year), PrEP coverage (5 percentage points), and viral suppression (10 percentage points) across the population could achieve reductions of 34% to 67% by 2030. States establish and administer their own Medicaid programs and determine the type, amount, duration, and May 22, 2024 · If you are interested in participating in a vaccine study, you can also contact the NIH Vaccine Research Center by calling 866-833-LIFE (5433) or by emailing vaccines@nih. gov’s HIV Testing Sites and Care Services Locator. The new initiative seeks to reduce the number of new HIV infections in the United States by 75 percent within five years, and then by at least 90 percent within 10 years, for an estimated 250,000 total HIV infections averted. POZ Magazine maintains a searchable directory of HIV and health services throughout the US and other parts of the world. Race affecting HIV service provision in the United States of America. The Department of Health and Human Services attributes the increase to increased testing, as people who delayed healthcare in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic returned to the doctor. 8 million people became newly infected with HIV. NIAID remains committed to advancing HIV science while improving the health outcomes of Black Americans affected by HIV. In 2020, 37. Limitations to Treatment Safety and Efficacy Cost Considerations and Antiretroviral Therapy. Oct 22, 2010 · Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through transfusion of contaminated blood components was documented in the United States in 1982 (). contribution to the Global Fund, and $50 million for Jun 21, 2023 · Ending HIV. HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and can be transmitted during sexual intercourse; by sharing syringes; or perinatally during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. We analysed publicly available HIV surveillance data and census data to describe Ending HIV. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 36 million people have died of HIV since the start of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. does have an ongoing HIV epidemic, with approximately 36,801 people receiving an HIV diagnosis in the United States and dependent areas. 4 million Sep 15, 2023 · The U. New HIV Infections —An estimated 1. Black/African American people and Hispanic/Latino people are particularly affected by HIV, making up more than half (70%) of estimated new HIV infections in 2022. These data can assist HIV prevention partners in Learn about HIV data systems, how data is used in the U. There are other ways to find HIV providers and services too: Oct 17, 2023 · The U. 6 billion for the U. These in-person and virtual courses are designed for HIV specialists who are actively involved in HIV disease management. 5 million were adults, and 1. May 21, 2024 · Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published three new HIV surveillance reports: Diagnoses, Deaths, and Prevalence of HIV in the United States and 6 Territories and Freely Associated States, 2022. is our nation’s bold plan to end the HIV epidemic in the U. Global HIV prevalence showed a peak in 2005, decreasing for 5 years and then regaining a rising trend since 2010 (possibly due to increased survival with ART). HIV infections are highly geographically concentrated in the USA. The Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission (the Panel) has updated text and references throughout the guidelines to include new data and publications where relevant and to incorporate gender-inclusive language. Read more. HIV epidemiology by area. 10 November 2020. While anyone can get mpox, CDC research shows that about 40% of people diagnosed with mpox in the U. who do not know that they are living with HIV. Absent intervention, HIV incidence was projected to decrease by 19% across all 32 MSAs. This site provides information both for health care providers and for Veterans and the public. Testing HIV Testing. ViiV Healthcare is a global leader focused on advancements in the research and the development of While the USA may not be in the top 10 across the world, the United States is the greatest funder of the global response to HIV. Just enter your ZIP code to be connected to HIV medical care and other services such as HIV testing locations, housing assistance, substance abuse, and mental health services. Mar 29, 2023 · People with HIV. Nov 10, 2023 · In 2021, 35,769 people were newly diagnosed with HIV. We are a nationwide community of women living with HIV. HIV transmission patterns have shifted over time. 15. Jun 14, 2021 · HIV and the syndrome it causes, AIDS, began spreading in the United States in the early 1980s. Released by the White House in December Nov 15, 2023 · Number of People with HIV —There were approximately 39 million people across the globe with HIV in 2022. also have HIV. persons aged 13 years and over, 1981-2019, by transmission. Approximately 1. Explore HIV Resources. Sep 3, 2019 · Goal. Jan 3, 2024 · Social Determinants Social Determinants of Health. Right Data, Right Tools, and Right Leadership. “Today we have the. Get the latest data on HIV by race and Nov 6, 2023 · At least half of Americans living with HIV experience homelessness or housing instability following their HIV diagnosis. Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U. Effective January 4, 2010, HIV is no longer a bar to entry into the United States for visitation or immigration purposes. People on ART take a combination of HIV medicines called an HIV treatment regimen. Public health surveillance data can inform an understanding of the evolution of the HIV epidemic in terms of the populations and geographical areas most affected. gov. These insights support public health initiatives, policy-making, and community engagement efforts. . Agencies across the U. Mar 26, 2024 · The FY 2022 budget for HIV included $7 billion for the global epidemic – $5. African Americans in the USA continue to be disproportionately impacted by HIV, making up the largest proportion of individuals newly diagnosed with HIV in 2020, and experience a rate of new HIV diagnoses 8. gov Timeline reflects the history of the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic from the first reported cases in 1981 to the present—where advances in HIV prevention, care, and treatment offer hope for a long, healthy life to people who are living with, or at risk for, HIV and AIDS. The conference delivers information on new developments and 131 Steuart St, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94105. UNAIDS welcomes the United States of America’s decision to support women’s health, safety and rights. Jan 18, 2024 · An HIV/AIDS service organization in your area may provide valuable support, including helping you find HIV care or prevention (or providing care services themselves). HIV Source is a portal for HIV-related information (web pages, PDF documents, infographics) from within and outside the federal government. edu. In 2022, compared with 2018, rates of HIV diagnoses among persons ages 45-54 and 65-74 were decreasing, and among persons 55-64 and ≥75 Jul 13, 2017 · What is HIV? The human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells (or T cells). Apr 29, 2021 · Positive Singles. USA . Number of tablets or capsules. By the late 1980s it had become a public health crisis. But not all of them know it. Your local Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program provider. All data are also available on NCHHSTP AtlasPlus. ART is recommended for everyone with HIV, and people with HIV should start ART as soon as possible after diagnosis, even on that same day. Nov 30, 2021 · Other Americans living with HIV have managed to live outside the U. Get the latest data on HIV among transgender people. The federal government’s goal is to Jan 18, 2024 · Medicaid —A state and federal partnership, Medicaid provides coverage for people with lower incomes, older people, people with disabilities, and some families and children. The organization provides strategic direction, advocacy, coordination, and technical support to help catalyze and connect leadership Sep 18, 2010 · A leading source of current and relevant information on Federal HIV policies, programs, resources, & science. by 2030. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Response (PEPFAR). May 29, 2024 · HIV testing is a component of the Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative (EHE), a federal effort launched in 2019 to reduce new HIV infections in the United States by 75% in five years and 90% in ten May 21, 2024 · The IAS–USA Annual Update on HIV Management in Atlanta, Georgia (On-Demand) Release date: April 18, 2024. That’s a 7% decrease from 2017 but an 18% increase over 2020. Some states treat the transmission of HIV, depending upon a variety of factors, as a felony and others as May 16, 2024 · HIV Guidelines. As a key implementer of PEPFAR, USAID’s Office of HIV/AIDS supports country-led efforts to combat the complex challenges of HIV in over 50 countries around the world. 5% of the world’s population, with a prevalence rate of 476 cases per 100,000. Florida’s HIV rate is 612. , supporting efforts in public health, policy-making, and community engagement. A site designed for those with HIV, HPV, herpes, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Positive Singles has been live since 2001. Learn More. Since then, the risk for transfusion-transmitted HIV infection has been almost eliminated by the use of questionnaires to exclude donors at higher risk for HIV infection and the use of highly sensitive laboratory screening tests to identify The mission of the International Antiviral Society–USA (IAS–USA) is to improve the prevention, treatment, care, and quality of life for people with or at risk of HIV or other viral infections and their associated health conditions through high-quality, relevant, balanced, and needs-oriented education and information for practitioners and scientists who are actively involved in medical care Feb 7, 2024 · The 2024 U. Robert Lee Rayford [1] (February 3, 1953 – May 15, 1969), [2] sometimes identified as Robert R. Spitting or transmitting HIV-infected bodily fluids is a criminal offense in some states, particularly if the target is a prison guard. These changes are highlighted in yellow in the PDF version of the Nov 3, 2021 · HIV-Related Deaths in 2020. The HIV Testing Sites & Care Services Locator is a first-of-its-kind, location-based search tool that allows you to search for testing services, housing providers, health centers and other service providers near your current location. Generic available. Also, in 2021, 25% of new HIV infections were among Black gay and bisexual men, 22% among Latino gay and bisexual men, and 44% among gay Sep 15, 2023 · The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) is an international organization that leads the global effort to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, 53% were women and girls. In fact, about 15 percent (or 1 in 7) of them are not aware they are living with HIV. 5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. That means there are approximately 165,000 people in the U. (EHE) is a bold plan announced in 2019 that aims to end the HIV epidemic in the United States by 2030. territories, and states in which more than half of U. HIV status may be a basis for applying for asylum, a form of immigration protection in the United Jun 15, 2022 · According to CDC, of the 30,635 new HIV diagnoses in the U. government did little to Sep 10, 2019 · 36. As grim as these figures are, that's still down from the 1. initiative. Jan 31, 2024 · January 31, 2024. in 2020, 68% (20,758) were among gay and bisexual men. Yet the principal policy to fulfil this charge, Ending the HIV Epidemic in the US,2 remains predicated on treatment and prevention—an approach that has failed to end HIV in the USA, as elsewhere. Young people are also affected, with over half (56%) of diagnoses Dec 24, 2020 · The global burden of HIV/AIDS was 36. Nearly 1 million people (. A syndemic is the clustering and interaction of two or more diseases, driven by social and structural determinants of health, which leads to an excess burden Feb 25, 2021 · Yet, there are also studies that show no association between CD4 + cell counts and HRQoL among people with HIV in an Irish cohort , among HIV-infected adolescent and young adult women in the USA and in Taiwanese PLHIV . Gay, bisexual, and other men who reported male-to-male sexual contact are disproportionately affected by HIV. In some states, if you are HIV-positive and don’t tell your partner (s), you can be charged with a crime. HIV incidence among persons aged 13 years and over in the United States in 1981, 1984-1985, and 2019, by Oct 28, 2022 · The HIV care continuum is a public health model that outlines the steps or stages that people with HIV go through from diagnosis to achieving and maintaining viral suppression (a very low or undetectable amount of HIV in the blood) through care and treatment with HIV medicine called antiretroviral therapy or ART. Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent federal government agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State. Read about The National HIV/AIDS Strategy, our country’s whole-of-society approach to end the HIV epidemic in the United States. Early in the HIV epidemic, rates of new HIV . However, gay and bisexual men accounted for 70% of the total 34,800 estimated new Introduction. Apr 24, 2024 · Fiscal Year 2024 HHS Budget Resources for the Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative. Recent findings. HIV self-testing allows people to take an HIV test and find out their result in their own home or other private location. This means that HIV status alone cannot be a reason for excluding, removing, or deporting a person from the United States. Guidelines are statements that include recommendations developed using a systematic process based on prevailing guideline development standards. Expiration date: April 18, 2025. Estimated annual new HIV infections were 12% lower in 2021 compared to 2017—dropping from about 36,500 infections to about 32,100, Feb 19, 2021 · The HIV epidemic in the USA began as a bicoastal epidemic focused in large cities but, over nearly four decades, the epidemiology of HIV has changed. 1 million people in the United States are living with HIV today. Drug name (brand name) Cost of brand name. 1. S. “To end the HIV epidemic, we must continue to develop and deploy novel HIV treatment and prevention strategies suited to the different Jun 10, 2019 · Awareness Days. Of these, 37. DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe) is a partnership developed by the U. We analysed publicly available HIV surveillance data and census data to describe HIV/AIDS. It is a critical source of coverage for many people with HIV. The Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division of the Department of Justice’s Office of Justice Programs, recently published HIV in Prisons, 2021 – Statistical Tables. This is based on evidence published in 1988 in which the authors claimed that Sisterhood. The report provides data on persons in the custody of state and federal correctional authorities who were known to be living with HIV in 2021. We extend our sincere gratitude to the community leaders and Dec 1, 2023 · The National HIV/AIDS Strategy recognizes that HIV is part of a syndemic with sexually transmitted infictions (STIs), viral hepatitis, mental health disorders, and substance use disorders. 3%) identify as transgender in the United States (US), and transgender people made up 2% (671) of new HIV diagnoses in the US and dependent areas in 2019. The portal contains information on HIV and AIDS, HIV-related medical conditions, opportunistic infections that can affect people living with HIV, resources and policies from the US government or other governments, resources from organizations around the May 21, 2024 · This page provides an overview of estimates of HIV incidence (number of new HIV infections), prevalence (persons living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV infection), and percentage of diagnosed infections among persons living with HIV (knowledge of status) in the United States. Feb 19, 2021 · The recommendation echoes a key EHE strategy to prioritize the 57 counties, U. to end the HIV epidemic. Some high-burden subnational jurisdictions have already achieved these goals. The DREAMS goal is to reduce HIV prevalence among AGYW ages 10 to 24 in 16 countries with high rates of HIV. In 2019, most newly diagnosed cases of HIV occurred Florida has 110,034 people living with HIV, the third-highest number in the United States. In late March 2023, Congress passed and President Biden signed the FY 2024 federal budget for October 1, 2023–September 30, 2024, which included a total of $573. 3 million people have contracted HIV and 35. due to his age, was an American teenager from Missouri who has been suggested to represent the earliest confirmed case of HIV/AIDS in North America. 5 million were children (<15 years old). 3 In taking action, it is essential to stretch beyond a biomedical Mar 28, 2024 · At a glance. Initially the U. The Federal approach to reducing new HIV infections is based on the best available scientific evidence and modeling studies have informed decisions about the allocation of resources with regard to the strategies employed, geography, and the populations at greatest risk. DREAMS operates across multiple sectors including health, economic Dec 7, 2023 · A leading source of current and relevant information on Federal HIV policies, programs, resources, & science. 9 million cases in 2019, corresponding to 0. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) leads the country in HIV screening, testing, treatment, research and prevention. Join PWN-USA's sisterhood now! In Person and Virtual Opportunities to Participate. Strength May 15, 2017 · Many states and some cities have partner-notification laws—meaning that, if you test positive for HIV, you (or your healthcare provider) may be legally obligated to tell your sex or needle-sharing partner (s). The HIV. HIV transmissions occurred in 2016 and 2017 for targeted interventions. A leading source of current and relevant information on Federal HIV policies, programs, resources, & science. View a timeline of the current Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative. In-person courses are held in several US cities each year Jan 27, 2021 · This is the first FDA-approved injectable, complete regimen for HIV-1 infected adults that is administered once a month. 4 billion for bilateral programs, $1. Phone: (415) 544-9400 | info@iasusa. The HIV epidemic in the USA began as a bicoastal epidemic focused in large cities but, over nearly four decades, the epidemiology of HIV has changed. Features include a live dating May 20, 2017 · Reducing New HIV Infections. UNAIDS congratulates President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris on their election. The figures are also available as downloadable PDF and PowerPoint Slides. Feb 8, 2024 · This page includes CDC's latest national estimates of new HIV infections, the total number of people estimated to have HIV in the United States, and other recent HIV data. 3 million people who died of HIV just 10 years Jun 20, 2022 · To find the exact cost for drugs prescribed by your healthcare team, contact a local pharmacy. Jan 18, 2024 · The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides Americans—including those with and at risk for HIV—better access to health care coverage and more health insurance options. The report signals that we are making progress toward the goals outlined in the Strategy, but we must continue to support and accelerate our efforts to end the HIV epidemic in the United States. CME Fee: $35. AHEAD is a tool supporting implementation of the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U. Entities eligible to apply for funding vary by funding opportunity, but can include state May 21, 2024 · Cross-Posted from: CDC. pssulli@emory. Health insurance gives people with HIV access to appropriate HIV medical care, particularly treatment with HIV medicine called antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps people Dec 4, 2023 · The White House released the National HIV/AIDS Strategy 2023 Interim Action Report (PDF, 222KB) on December 1. , and access the latest data releases. But don't forget that the U. Our mission is to prepare and involve all women living with HIV, in all our diversity, including gender identity and sexual expression, in all levels of policy and decision-making. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood May 21, 2024 · At a glance. Our discounted cost estimate was $490,045 in our most favorable scenario and $326,411 in our least favorable scenario. Prevention & Service Locator Widget. 1 times that of White persons (CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] 2022a). (EHE) initiative. The Division of HIV Prevention (DHP) within the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP) has been at the forefront in developing guidelines on HIV Explore the location profile report and data visualizations showcasing the impact of HIV across the U. 9 million people were living with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) developed an operational plan to pursue that goal accompanied by a request for additional annual funding. Modest increases in testing (1. But, of course, none of what we do can be achieved alone – we believe in the power of partnership. The steps are: Explore the interactive map and data visualization reflecting the impact of HIV across the U. diagnoses were highest in large cities and in coastal areas. Robert Rayford. In 2018, more than half of HIV diagnoses occurred in just Washington, DC, Puerto Rico, and 48 US counties May 23, 2023 · Annual HIV infections dropped from 9,300 in 2017 to 6,100 in 2021 among 13- to 24-year-old boys and men. Jun 7, 2022 · HIV treatment involves taking highly effective medicines called antiretroviral therapy (ART) that work to control the virus. 2. No. FDA also approved VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) 30 mg tablets which should be Aug 28, 2021 · In the Lancet Series on HIV in the USA, Chris Beyrer and colleagues’1 call for action to end the US HIV epidemic is welcome. Racial disparities remain a concern, as Black/African American people make up 38% of diagnoses. ”. The disagreement may be attributed to differences in study populations and differences in individuals’ perceptions of their Apr 1, 2021 · Results: We estimated an average lifetime HIV-related medical cost for a person with HIV of $420,285 (2019 US$) discounted (3%) and $1,079,999 undiscounted for a median 3-year diagnosis delay and 3% base dropout rate. Recent data indicate that: • New HIV infections have declined in recent years, after a period of general stability. Since the beginning of the pandemic in 1981, 77. (EHE) initiative, tracking progress toward its goals. A person donating HIV-infected organs, tissues, and blood can be prosecuted for transmitting the virus. AIDSVu is an interactive online mapping tool that visualizes the impact of the HIV epidemic on communities across the United States to increase disease awareness and Mar 8, 2024 · You can also find an HIV health care provider by using HIV. We are the only pharmaceutical company solely focused on combating, preventing and, ultimately, curing HIV and AIDS. 3 per 100,000. For white males in this age group, the decline from 2017 estimates was 45%, compared with A leading source of current and relevant information on Federal HIV policies, programs, resources, & science. Dec 1, 2023 · Supporting people affected by HIV during the mpox public health emergency. 3 February 2021. The clinical benefits, public health impact, and cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment have been well established since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), 1-6 and the expanded use of ART is one of the four pillars of the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U. You can also learn about current HIV vaccine studies and opportunities to participate from the NIH-supported HIV Vaccine Trials Network. CME Credit Available: 5. The Nov 3, 2023 · Health Benefits. Men are most affected, making up almost 80% of diagnoses, with gay and bisexual men accounting for the majority. AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) ADAP provides US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV-related prescription medications for people with no or limited health insurance. These data can assist HIV prevention partners in focusing prevention Nov 6, 2023 · Yes. Our faculty provides advanced-level presentations with balanced, timely, scientifically rigorous, and clinically relevant information about HIV disease management. org Jun 4, 2024 · In addition, people aged 50 and older accounted for approximately 16% of the 38,043 new HIV diagnoses in 2022 among people ages 13 and older in the United States and six territories and associated states. While HIV affects all races and ethnicities in the United States, some groups are disproportionately affected compared to their population size. Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published three new HIV surveillance reports: Diagnoses, Deaths, and Prevalence of HIV in the United States and 6 Territories and Freely Associated States, 2022. The American Conference for the Treatment of HIV ® (ACTHIV ® ) is the premier conference in the US dedicated exclusively to the frontline care team and its members who are caring for persons with or at risk of acquiring HIV. Dec 18, 2023 · According to CDC, they accounted for 70% of the 32,100 estimated new infections in 2021, even though they made up only 2% of the population, with the highest burden among Black and Latino gay and bisexual men. The agencies and offices within HHS listed below provide grant support for HIV prevention, testing, care and treatment, and research. The group with the highest number of people living with HIV is Black/African American with 49,943. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the largest federal grant-making agency in the United States. Also, transgender women who have sex with men are among the groups at highest Almost 1 million people die from HIV/AIDS each year; in some countries, it's the leading cause of death. in less jerry-rigged ways—like Ralph (who withheld his last name), 69, a longtime survivor and professor in Vancouver, Canada. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States 2022–2025 (NHAS) goals. 25 million for implementation of the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U. ou qr bf la mc vi em hw ac tu
